...
Overview
This Tutorial Section discusses in detail how Walls are modelled, used & some of their properties within Hero, including how they are integrated into the Visual & Data-Grid Views.
...
.
...
All zones Zones are completely bounded by walls Walls along their edges, and when a zone Zone is initially drawn, the walls Walls for that zone Zone are created automatically. If required, the newly created walls Walls will split & connect to nearby walls Walls from other zones Zones automatically. When two walls Walls are connected like this, we call them they are called Adjacent Walls in Hero.
...
Default Values & Previous Values
Newly created walls typically Walls are assigned either the Default properties Properties of walls Walls such as the Default Wall Assembly & Default Wall Heights, or if you adjusted a wall changed an existing Wall away from these properties, the New Wall will use this Previous Value. For example if you change a wall
E.g: If you changed a Wall away from the
...
Default Assembly to a Fibre-
...
Cement Wall that is 2450mm high, then the next
...
Zone created will have the new
...
Wall Assembly as Fibre-cement
...
at 2450mm height.
...
WALLS WITHIN THE VISUAL VIEW
Selecting a Wall
You can select Select a wall Wall either within the Visual View or the Data-Grid.
Walls also share the common context-menu actions of Select Parent (which will select the Parent Zone of the Wall) which can also be called by double🖱 Double Left-clicking Clicking the wallWall.
The Send to Back feature can also be very useful for walls Walls particularly when special floating walls Floating Walls are aligned over the top wallsof other Walls, so that you can select the desired wallWall. Select the wall Wall on top and choose the 🖱 Right-Click Context Menu -> Send - To - Back feature and the previously selected wall Wall on top will now be below any other wallsWalls. You can now select the wall Wall on top.
...
Deleting Walls
Walls can be deleted by:
selecting
...
the Wall within the Visual-View or Data-Grid and pressing
⌨ Delete; orby using the
...
🖱
Right-ClickContext-menu
...
Deleteaction within the Visual View
...
;
...
by
...
🖱
Right-
...
Clickinga
...
Wall Point & choosing the
Delete Pointaction
...
.
| Info |
|---|
When a |
...
Wall is deleted, the |
...
Walls to the left & right of the deleted |
...
Wall are connected so that the room remains contiguous. If you are deleting a Wall |
...
Point, it will be the |
...
Wall who has this |
...
Point as its right- |
...
point that will be deleted. |
...
...
Moving Walls
Walls can be moved in the Visual View by selecting them and then dragging 🖱 Dragging them into their position.
You can also drag 🖱 Drag the corner anchors Points of a wall Wall to move that wall point Wall Point and extend or shrink the length.
| Note |
|---|
Walls cannot intersect |
...
Walls of other |
...
Zones, and in these situations, Hero will block any attempts to move further. |
You can move a wall Wall or a wall-anchor Wall Point in a straight -line ↔ or ↕ direction by holding ⌨ Shift.
...
Splitting Walls
Walls can be split into new walls Walls by the Split Drawing Mode feature which is detailed in the Split & Merge Drawing Mode tutorial.
You can also split a wall Wall vertically by the right🖱 Right-click context Context-menu action Split Wall (Vertically). This will split the walls Walls & add a new wall-anchor Wall Point at that pointlocation.
Splitting a Wall
...
(be it via the Split Drawing Mode or
...
Context-menu actions
...
) can be required to model situations such as when you have different construction assemblies side by side
...
E.g: If along a
...
Wall length the
...
Assembly type changed from a
...
Brick-
...
Veneer to a
...
Weatherboard section; or if the
...
Height, Insulation, External Colour or any other property of the
...
Wall differed from the other you would split the Wall.
You may also need to split walls Walls to change the geometry of a zoneZone, such as when you extending a zone Zone or shrinking it. In certain situations, you need to split the wall Wall to insert a wall anchor Wall Point before you move it into it’s new position to create the desired final geometry. *** DO AN EXAMPLE like “In this example, we see the existing zone, and the new room plans which may have come from an updated version of the plans
E.g: For a situation where we have an existing Zone and we receive new plans from the designer and which require us to then move the walls. We would use a
...
Split Wall in the indicated position & insert
...
Wall Points to be able to shift this section of the
...
Zone while leaving the remaining portion.
...
You can also add further walls Walls to a zoneZone, that do not need to lie along the zone Zone edge, through the Special Floating Wall feature, which is discussed in more detail later.
...
Merging Walls
Two or more continuous walls can be merged back into a single wall Wall using the Merge Drawing mode Mode as detailed in the Split & Merge Drawing Mode section.
PROPERTIES
Geometry
...
WALL PROPERTIES
Property | Description | Edited Within |
|---|---|---|
Width | Wall Width is calculated automatically and can be seen in the |
...
Data- |
...
Grid Width Column. |
...
Width |
...
can only be changed by moving |
...
the Wall Points within the Visual View | Visual View (not editable within Data-Grid) |
Height (Total, Base & Top) | Walls have a Total Height, and |
|---|
...
a Base Height which represents the Height above the Level height that the wall starts, and a Top Height which represents the Height above the Level height that the wall ends. For a typical wall, the Base Height will be |
...
0mm, and the Top Height will match the Total Height of the Wall. The Total, Base & Top Height of a wall are all visible under the Height |
...
columns of the Wall data-grid. Changing the |
...
Base Height will shift the |
...
Top- |
...
Height & vice-versa rather than effecting the |
...
Total Height.
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
Orientation
...
| Wall Data-Grid Height Column | |
Orientation | The Orientation of the Wall is shown in the Orientation Column of the Data-Grid and show the orientation of the |
|---|
...
Wall in terms of what direction the external side of the wall is facing (i.e it’s Normal Direction). | Visual View (not editable within Data-Grid) |
Thickness | The |
|---|
...
Thickness of the |
...
Wall is determined by the Assembly & Insulation |
...
of the wall. This is the |
...
Thickness that is shown in the Visual View, as well as in the optional |
...
Thickness column of the Wall Data-Grid (which by default is |
...
hidden from view).
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
WALL CONSTRUCTION
...
Not editable directly (based on Assembly + Insulation) | |
Construction | A Wall has a Construction or Assembly which is the construction build-up of that wall, including its external cladding, internal surface & any other materials within the assembly. Walls also have an optional Insulation Option which is the insulation materials specifically for that wall section that get added in addition to its Assembly materials. In Hero |
|---|
...
the function of Assembly & Insulation is separated so that the |
...
User has flexibility to change & test various |
...
Insulation types quickly for each |
...
Assembly & quickly optimise the passive design aspects of the house; as well as for its use as an important reporting metric. The Wall Construction Library tutorial provides further detail on Wall Assemblies & Insulation Options, and how |
...
Assemblies & |
...
Insulation Options can be edited or custom created. A Wall’s Construction in the Project is shown & can be changed within the Wall Data-Grid’s Construction column. The Currently Selected Wall Assemblies from the Construction Library will be shown within the Drop-down of this column’s entries and a new type can be selected.
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
Insulation Change on Assembly ChangeWhen changing an |
...
Assembly, if the new |
...
Assembly contains an Insulation Option similar to the current insulation of the |
...
Wall, this will be selected. However if there is no similar Insulation Option on the new |
...
Assembly then the default for that |
...
Assembly will get applied |
...
. E.g: If the User was changing from a Brick Veneer wall |
...
with R2.0 insulation to a Single Brick |
...
Wall that has no Insulation Options in its |
...
list. When we change the assembly to Single Brick, |
...
the Insulation |
...
gets set to the default |
...
“No Insulation” option for that Single Brick |
...
Assembly. | Wall Data-Grid Construction Column & Wall Construction Library |
Insulation | The Insulation Options available for that Wall Assembly will be shown in the Insulation column. You can select an existing Insulation Option by using the combo-box drop-down menu or you can type in the desired R-value in the table’s cell and hit enter; or for more complicated options you can create a New Insulation Option within the Wall Builder for that assembly. When typing in a R-value into the insulation column, if there is an existing Insulation Option for that Assembly that matches the entered R-Value it will use that Insulation Option, otherwise a new Fibreglass Insulation Option of the desired R-Value is created, assigned to the wall and added to that Wall Construction’s Insulation Option List. |
|---|
...
E.g: in a Project with a Brick Veneer with Non-Reflective Sarking Type Construction. The standard Insulation Options for this Assembly |
...
are shown in |
...
the Insulation column of the Wall Data-Grid. However if the Insulation Option was desired to be a R2.7 Insulation Batt (not contained within the standard Insulation Options), we could model this by typing |
...
“2.7” within the Insulation cell and hitting |
...
|
...
Assembly, we see this |
...
R2.7 Insulation Option has now been created and added to the Insulation Option list for that |
...
Assembly. Alternatively if the insulation was a complicated combination of |
...
Insulation materials such as a |
...
Reflective EPS board insulation (requiring an air-gap + bulk insulation), we would need to:
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
Insulation Column & Wall Construction Library | |
External Colour | Walls can have their External Colours changed to model the different |
|---|
...
Solar Absorptances of different finishes. This is changed within the External Colour column of the |
...
Wall Data-grid which shows a Colour’s name and its solar absorptance. The first three options are the |
...
standard Light, Medium & Dark, and then there are variety of custom colours that relate to various other colours such as typical Colorbond colours etc. |
...
External Colour Column | |
Adjacency | Energy-modelling is heavily concerned with heat-transfer, and the |
|---|
...
External & |
...
Internal conditions on either side of the |
...
Wall, along with the materials of the |
...
Wall determine its heat-transfer. Similar to many energy-modelling programs, Hero allows the user to specify different |
...
Adjacency or externality conditions for a wall. This is primarily viewed & assigned through the Wall Adjacency column of the data-grid. There are a variety of options that can be assigned to a wall depending on it’s state, however some wall adjacency types are locked and cannot be changed. See the Adjacency Type table below for further details. | Adjacency Column |
...
ADJACENCY TYPES
If a wall is adjacent to another wall and has been connected automatically by Hero, the Adjacency will depend on what type of Zone the adjacency is between.
For example for two walls within a Single Home or Dwelling, the Adjacency Type is INTERNAL and cannot be adjusted. In this situation, heat transfer is modelled between the two rooms during simulation.
For two walls that separate two different dwellings, such as in a multi-residential project, the Adjacency Type is NEIGHBOURING and again cannot be adjusted. In this situation, there is no assumed heat-transfer between the two rooms in simulations, and this represents an Adiabatic Adjacency, however the thermal mass of the walls are still accounted for in the simulation.
For walls connecting a normal Zone to a Carpark or Corridor Zone, the Adjacency Type is Carpark or Corridor respectively and again cannot be adjusted to a different option. This is modelled similar to Internal Walls in simulations.
Walls that do not have an Adjacent Wall, can have several adjacency types manually assigned in the Data-Grid’s adjacency column.
These Include Neighbouring, which is used to represent Adiabatic situations where no heat-transfer is to be modelled similar to how walls between two dwellings are modelled. This adjacent type is used such as when a wall is adjacent to a neighbouring conditioned building that is not part of the Energy Simulation.
Another Manual Adjacency Option is a Roofspace or Subfloor adjacencies. When this is selected, the Wall is modelled in the simulation with heat-transfer between the wall’s zone & the roofspace or subfloor adjacent. In many way of these situations, the base height of the wall will likely need to change, for example a bulkhead wall that is adjacent to the roofspace, will need a base height similar to the ceiling height next to the wall and this needs to be considered likewise for walls adjacent to subfloor zones..
Another Manual Adjacency Option is the Ground/Retaining Adjacency Type which models the wall as adjacent to Ground, Soil or a Retaining wall. In this situation, for Chenath Simulations, Hero automatically adds a 5m section of soil material to the external or back side of the wall assembly to simulation the thermal mass & temperature of the ground as per NatHERS Practice. So the user does not need to change the assembly type to add a soil layer in the Wall Construction Library as may have been previous modelling practice. ** EXAMPLE OF NEIGHBOURING BUILDING **
Floating Walls which are described in further detail later in this section, also are the only to allow select the unique “Mass” Adjacency Type which represents a Thermal Mass wall.
SHADING
Walls can have shading objects that can affect the way they are simulated, these include:
Being screened by up to 3 vertical shading objects or Screens in front of the wall. This is detailed further in the Screen Model section.
Adjacent Type | Description | Editable within Data Grid |
|---|---|---|
External | The |
...
Wall is directly adjacent to External Environment. Standard / Default Adjacency Type for Walls | Yes | |||
Internal | Wall adjacent to another Wall from the same Dwelling | No | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighbouring (Actual Connection) | Wall adjacent to another Wall from a different Dwelling.
| No | ||
Neighbouring (Manual Selection) | Wall adjacent to a Conditioned Space that is not part of the Hero Project model (i.e. Adjacent Buildings, Commercial Spaces etc).
| Yes | ||
Roofspace (This Level) | The Wall is adjacent to a Roofspace Zone from Ceilings of the same Level.
| Yes | ||
Roofspace (Level Below) | The Wall is adjacent to a Roofspace Zone from Ceiling of the Level Below. E.g: A Wall on Level 2 of a House is connected to the Roofspace that is formed by Ceilings on Level 1. This Wall should use the Roofspace (Level Below) Adjacency Type | Yes | ||
Subfloor (This Level) | The Wall is adjacent to a Subfloor Zone from Floors of the same Level.
| Yes | ||
Subfloor (Level Above) | The Wall is adjacent to a Subfloor Zone from Floors of the Level Above. E.g: A Wall on the Ground Floor of a House is connected to the Subfloor that is formed by Floors on Level 1 (above the Ground Level). This Wall should use the Subfloor (Level Above) Adjacency Type | Yes | ||
Carpark | Walls adjacent to an actual Carpark Zone | No | ||
Corridor | Walls adjacent to an actual Corridor Zone | No | ||
Retaining / Ground | Wall is adjacent to the Ground or a Retaining Wall
| Yes | ||
Mass Wall | A Internal Thermal Mass Wall completely within a Zone. Can only be applied to Floating Walls. | Yes (Floating Walls only) |
...
SHADING
Walls can have Shading Objects that can affect the way they are Simulated, these include:
Screens: Being screened by up to 3 Vertical Shading objects or Screens in front of the wall
Eaves : A single horizontal shading object or Eave over the top of the wall. This is detailed further in the Eave Model section.A left & right wing-wall which are shading of the wall
Wing Walls (Left & Right): Shading objects projecting from the left & right edges of the wall.
| Info |
|---|
It should be noted that any |
...
Shading objects connected to a |
...
Wall likewise shade any |
...
Windows or |
...
Doors upon that |
...
Wall in a similar manner. |
Walls can be attached to Screens & Eaves using the Attach Screen and Eave Drawing Mode which is detailed further in this tutorial series Screen & Eave Drawing Modes. Alternatively you can also attach Attach a screen Screen or eave Eave to a wall Wall by accessing the 🖱 Right-Click context menu on a wall Wall and selecting Connect to Screen or Eave and then click 🖱 Left-Click the desired screen Screen or eave Eave to connect the wall Wall to the screen Screen or eaveEave.
Internal walls and many other types of wall adjacencies Wall Adjacencies such as Neighbour & Roofspace adjacent walls Adjacent Walls cannot have any shading Shading applied to them.
...
INTERNAL/NEIGHBOURING WALLS WITHIN THE DATA-GRID
Adjacent Walls such as Internal Walls between Zones, or Neighbouring Walls between Zones of two different dwellings have several unique features in Hero.
When selecting Selecting an Internal Wall in the Data-Grid, if you have the Zone Group-By header button selected, the Data-Grid will show both sections of that wall Wall selected under each respective walls…these walls Zone. These Walls are the linked sections of each-other within each room Zone and basically represent the same object. Editing one of them within the dataData-grid Grid automatically updates the other as they are linked together into a single unit.
...
DIRECTIONAL INTERNAL/NEIGHBOURING WALLS
...
While external External walls have the External Side of the Construction facing outwards, Adjacent Walls are Directional, in that the External & Internal Sides of the Construction (as shown in the Wall Construction Library) can be changed within the assembly.
For the default internal plaster stud-wall, which is a symmetrical assembly with plasterboard on each side & an air-gap or insulation in the stud cavity, the direction of the wall Wall is unimportant. However if the adjacent wall assembly Wall Assembly is non-symmetrical, you can ensure the correct direction of the assembly Assembly by the Direction arrow Arrow on the wall Wall in the Visual View. The arrow Arrow points towards the “External” “External” side of the Assembly (as per the Wall Construction Library). If the direction needs to be changed, you can flip Flip or reverse Reverse the assembly by clicking 🖱 Left-Clicking the Direction Arrow within the Visual View.
Modelling the correct direction of a wall Wall is particularly important where the wall Wall has a heavy thermal-mass material with insulation on one side such that the thermal-mass material can have reasonable simulation Simulation effects.
...
FLOATING WALLS
There are modelling situations where we need additional walls to the walls Walls to those created automatically on Zone creation & that bound the edges of a zoneZone. In Hero we call these Special or Floating Walls Walls, in that they are not tied to the Edge or perimeter of the Zone. Floating Walls can generally have the same attributes as normal wallsWalls, they can have windows Windows on them, and be attached to screensScreens, eaves Saves & wingWing-walls etc.
To Draw A Floating Wall use the Draw Special Wall Drawing Mode which is detailed in the Drawing Mode tutorial section.Wall use the Floating Wall Drawing Mode
Special Floating walls Walls can be used to model situations such as:
Horizontally split wallsSplit Walls, such as a wall that changes assemblyAssembly, insulation or external colour Insulation or External Colour etc half-way up the wall Wall or similar. In this situation we would create a new floating wall Floating Wall over the top of the wall Wall below, and set the Base Height of the Lower to 00mm, the Height of the Lower Wall to the height where the transition occurs above the level Level reference, and then set the height of the upper wall section. ** Show Example with Drawings & Hero **. Splitting a wall like we have just done is also required in the situation where the Total Height of the upper wall section.
Where there is a local shading object Eave a portion of the way up a wall Wall and an unshaded section above. An eave Eave that has a negative vertical offset would be incorrect in this example situation as it means all the wall Wall above that vertical offset will be shaded in the model, whereas in this situation there is a portion that is unshaded that we may want to model. A split wall with an eave Eave attached to the local portion lower portion, and the Upper Wall having no Eave would be the appropriate solution for this situation. ** SHOW EXAMPLE WITH DRAWINGS & HERO **We can also use Special Floating Walls to model Clerestory walls
Clerestory Walls that lie above the ceiling Ceiling of the zoneZone. In this situation the base height Base Height of the wall Wall may need to be increased to the ceiling height Ceiling Height where the clerestory Clerestory begins. Eaves & windows Windows can be added to this Floating Clerestory as per normal walls. ** Show Example with Drawings & Hero **Walls.
Walls that are adjacent to Special Zones such as Roofspace Zones or Subfloor Zones. Floating walls Walls can be used in this instance with the adjacency type changed to Roofspace or Subfloor type in the Data-Grid Wall Adjacency column. ** Show Example with Drawings & Hero **
Walls or wallWall-like objects completely within the zone Zone that provide sufficient thermal mass Thermal Mass that you would like to model their effects. We call these Internal Thermal Mass walls within Hero, and they can be modelled using a Floating Special Wall & the Thermal Mass wall adjacency Adjacency option in the dataData-grid. For example in this project.
...
| Info |
|---|
E.g: In the image above, the Living room has a small spine wall of solid brick completed within the Zone that due to its high thermal mass, could effect the |
...
Simulation results. To model this |
...
Wall we create a Floating Wall, change its |
...
Assembly to the correct Single Brick assembly type and assign the Adjacency as |
...
WALLS FOR SPECIAL ZONES –
Mass Wall. |
| Note |
|---|
Remember Floating Walls are drawn from Left to Right in a facing outwards direction (i.e. to the exterior). A Floating Wall with an External Adjacency requires the correct Orientation for accurate modelling. See Floating Wall Drawing Mode for further details. |
...
EXTERNAL WALLS FOR ROOFSPACES & SUBFLOORS
Special Zones such as Roofspace Zones & Subfloor Zones also can have their own walls Walls that are automatically generated by Hero and appear in the Data-Grid. This is discussed in further detail in the Special Zone section of this tutorial series.
...
NULL WALLS - WALLS WITH NO ADJACENCY
The Chenath thermodynamic calculation engine that underpins Hero is based on 2D heat-transfers through surfaces. Therefore there are situations where Hero cannot properly model the true thermodynamic situation of walls where there are 3D heat transfer interactions.
The most common example of this situation is walls that are facing adjacent to the cavity of a stud-wall such as created between two internal walls. In this situation the heat transfer into the side of the stud cavity cannot be accounted for (as the heat transfer through the wall from wall face to other wall face is already being modelled). Hero will attempt to auto-detect these situations & if detected, will remove the wall Wall segment in this location. However there
...
| Note |
|---|
There are some occasions where these |
...
Walls are not properly |
...
Auto-detected by Hero, and you may see a "real" wall in the model adjacent to one of these conditions. In this case, Hero recommend setting these walls as having Neighbouring |
...
Adjacency so that there is no heat transfer modelled on that segment. |